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1.
International safety regulations such as EN 1127-1 consider ultrasound to be an ignition source. Currently, applications of ultrasound in explosive atmospheres have to comply with a threshold value of 1 mW/mm2. However, it is unclear as to how this intensity has to be measured and, therefore, this threshold value is poorly defined. Moreover, it is based on theoretical estimations in analogy to other ignition sources and there are no publications or significant records on these estimations. Within a research project at PTB, it has now been investigated experimentally in relation to worst-case considerations including airborne ultrasound, focused MHz ultrasound in liquids and acoustic cavitation. On the basis of the results of the research it is now possible to revise the current regulations and to specify measures for safe operation of ultrasonic applications in explosive atmospheres. In this context, for ultrasound coupled directly to gaseous atmospheres a new threshold value of 170 dB (re. 20 μPa) can be suggested, and for ultrasonic applications in liquids, an augmentation can be made to the threshold to 400 mW/mm2. 相似文献
2.
The sensitivity of the United States Forest Health Monitoring network to outbreaks of defoliating insects was examined by means of a simulation study. A model constructed specifically for the study was used to generate a wide variety of defoliation patterns in forested landscapes. Forest configuration was that of Minnesota, USA, as expressed by the GAP land cover classification. Combinations of model parameters were based on a Latin Hypercube sample. The relationship between the average number of plots defoliated and outbreak characteristics was then examined via multiple regression. Both theoretical and model results pointed to a strong, linear relationship between the average number of plots defoliated and outbreak size. Model results provided additional insight, suggesting a significant relationship between the average number of plots defoliated and other outbreak characteristics after outbreak size was taken into account. 相似文献
3.
Ozone pollution characteristics and sensitivity analysis using an observation-based model in Nanjing, Yangtze River Delta Region of China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ming Wang Wentai Chen Lin Zhang Wei Qin Yong Zhang Xiangzhi Zhang Xin Xie 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2020,32(7):13-22
Ground-level ozone (O3) has become a critical pollutant impeding air quality improvement in Yangtze River Delta region of China. In this study, we present O3 pollution characteristics based on one-year online measurements during 2016 at an urban site in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. Then, the sensitivity of O3 to its precursors during 2 O3 pollution episodes in August was analyzed using a box model based on observation (OBM). The relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of hydrocarbons was larger than other precursors, suggesting that hydrocarbons played the dominant role in O3 formation. The RIR values for NOX ranged from –0.41%/% to 0.19%/%. The O3 sensitivity was also analyzed based on relationship of simulated O3 production rates with reductions of VOC and NOX derived from scenario analyses. Simulation results illustrate that O3 formation was between VOCs-limited and transition regime. Xylenes and light alkenes were found to be key species in O3 formation according to RIR values, and their sources were determined using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Paints and solvent use was the largest contributor to xylenes (54%), while petrochemical industry was the most important source to propene (82%). Discussions on VOCs and NOX reduction schemes suggest that the 5% O3 control goal can be achieved by reducing VOCs by 20%. To obtain 10% O3 control goal, VOCs need to be reduced by 30% with VOCs/NOX larger than 3:1. 相似文献
4.
德州市夏季臭氧敏感性特征及减排方案 总被引:9,自引:9,他引:0
近年来德州市臭氧污染频发,2018年夏季(6~8月),德州市发生了严重臭氧污染事件,臭氧日最大8 h浓度值超标天数达60 d,超标率65%,3个月平均值为176 μg ·m-3,最高达262 μg ·m-3.本研究利用WRF-CAMx耦合的HDDM模块,分析期间德州臭氧敏感性特征及减排方案.结果表明,在空间上,德州市中心城区为VOCs控制区,而郊区为NOx与VOCs协同控制区.在时间上,VOCs敏感值每日为正值,但dO3_V50在6月(城区18.7 μg ·m-3,郊区19.7 μg ·m-3)和8月(城区15.3 μg ·m-3,郊区16.4 μg ·m-3)高于7月(城区13.0 μg ·m-3,郊区11.8 μg ·m-3),NOx敏感值城区呈正负交错,郊区大部分为正值,并与VOCs敏感值接近.对于城区减排方案应考虑以仅VOCs削减为优先,而郊区由于NOx和VOCs对臭氧减排效果相当,建议以NOx:VOCs=1:1为优. 相似文献
5.
祁连山七一冰川物质平衡的时空变化特征 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
基于2011-2016年七一冰川的野外观测资料,结合气象站数据及1975-2015年的遥感影像,分析了冰川末端变化、物质平衡时空变化特征及其对气候变化的敏感性,结果表明:1975年以来,七一冰川末端持续退缩235 m,平均退缩速率为5.9 m/a,冰川面积减少0.13 km2(4.5%)。2011-2016年,七一冰川的平均物质平衡为-476 mm w.e.,平均ELA为4941 m a.s.l.,物质平衡梯度为2.9 mm/m。从季节变化看,受风吹雪和冰面升华影响,11月至次年3月冰川呈负平衡;4月和9月物质平衡受降水控制,随海拔变化呈现降水效应;强消融期(6-8月)物质平衡随海拔升高线性增加;消融期末由9月初延后至9月底。敏感性分析结果表明,物质平衡对气温变化的敏感性为-178.7 mm w.e. °C-1 a-1,对降水变化的敏感性为+2.93 mm w.e. mm-1 a-1。即61 mm的降水增加才能弥补暖季气温升高1 °C引起的冰川净物质损失。 相似文献
6.
为研究杭州湾O3污染的形成机制,采用在线监测系统对杭州湾北岸上海段石化集中区O3及其前体物开展了为期1个月(2019年5月)的同步连续观测.采用OZIPR(臭氧等值线研究)模型分析O3生成的敏感性.在O3重度污染期间,利用PMF(正定矩阵因子分解)模型对O3前体物——VOCs进行源解析,采用臭氧生成潜势及气团老化分别估算了VOCs的反应活性和化学消耗.结果表明:①2019年5月杭州湾北岸上海段石化集中区O3的IAQI(空气质量分指数)优良率仅为61.3%,ρ(O3)第90%分位值为173.0 μg/m3.5月22日、23日发生重度O3污染,O3日最大8 h滑动平均值分别为(284.4±19.2)(282.0±14.2)μg/m3,分别超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值(160 μg/m3)的77.75%和76.25%.②O3的生成受VOCs控制,降低VOCs的排放可在一定程度上降低O3的生成,降低NOx的排放反而会促进O3的生成.③O3重度污染期间,VOCs主要来自化工区排放(72.35%)和机动车尾气排放(27.65%).④O3重度污染期间,烯烃、炔烃及芳香烃对O3生成的贡献率之和在80.00%以上,其中丙烯、乙烯和甲苯的贡献率分别为29.97%、15.60%和14.16%;芳香烃及烯烃和炔烃是最主要的VOCs化学消耗物种,其中φ(丙烯)、φ(乙烯)和φ(1,2,4-三甲苯)的消耗量分别为13.57×10-9、4.93×10-9和3.55×10-9.研究显示,杭州湾北岸上海段5月O3的生成受化工区影响显著,丙烯与乙烯是O3重污染期间关键的O3前体物. 相似文献
7.
Chris J. Matthews David B. Newton Roger D. Braddock Bofu Yu 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2007,12(1):27-41
Recently, the New Morris Method has been presented as an effective sensitivity analysis tool for mathematical models. The
New Morris Method estimates the sensitivity of an output parameter to a given set of input parameters (first-order effects)
and the extent these parameters interact with each other (second-order effects). This method requires the specification of
two parameters (runs and resolution) that control the sampling of the output parameter to determine its sensitivity to various
inputs. The criteria for these parameters have been set on the analysis of a well-behaved analytical function (see Cropp and
Braddock, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 78:77–83, 2002), which may not be applicable to other physical models that describe complex
processes. This paper will investigate the appropriateness of the criteria from (Cropp and Braddock, 2002) and hence the effectiveness
of the New Morris Method to determine the sensitivity behaviour of two hydrologic models: the Soil Erosion and Deposition
System and Griffith University Representation of Urban Hydrology. In the first case, this paper will separately analyse the
sensitivity of an output parameter on a set of input parameters (first- and second-order effects) for each model and discuss
the physical meaning of these sensitivities. This will be followed by an investigation into the sampling criteria by exploring
the convergence of the sensitivity behaviour for each model as the sampling of the parameter space is increased. By comparing
these trends to the convergence behaviour from Cropp and Braddock (2002), we will determine how well the New Morris Method
estimates the sensitivity for each model and whether the sampling criteria are appropriate for these models. It will be shown
that the New Morris Method can provide additional insight into the functioning of these models, and that, under a different
metric, the sensitivity behaviour of these models does converge confirming the sampling criteria set by Cropp and Braddock. 相似文献
8.
针对我国锑水生生物水质基准缺乏的问题,收集筛选了锑对淡水水生生物的急性和慢性毒性数据,使用评价因子法、毒性百分数排序法和物种敏感度分布法分别推导我国锑的淡水水质基准,通过综合分析和比较,选择物种敏感度分布法推导的急性和慢性的水质基准值(466.62μg/L和88.71μg/L)作为最终的基准推荐值.通过与国内外现有锑相关水质标准进行比较,提出在我国相关水质标准修订中分别制定保护水生生物和人体健康水质标准的建议,避免水质标准对水生生物的"过保护"问题. 相似文献
9.
10.
基于3S的玉溪市土壤侵蚀敏感性评价研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以玉溪市为研究区域,运用GIS软件对影响土壤侵蚀的因子进行叠加分析,获取玉溪市土壤侵蚀敏感性等级分布图,并与土壤侵蚀现状图加以对比,结果显示:发生土壤侵蚀的地区一定是土壤侵蚀的敏感地区,但土壤侵蚀的敏感地区不一定发生土壤侵蚀:森林覆盖量、质量和人为活动是影响土壤侵蚀的主要原因。 相似文献